Arsitektur Adaptive Sleep Scheduling Berbasis Harvesting Energy pada Sistem Sensor Debit Air IoT untuk Kawasan Tanpa Sumber Listrik Tetap

Abstract

Real-time water flow monitoring in rural areas without permanent electricity access (off-grid) is a major challenge in water resource management. Limited energy in battery-based IoT devices is the main obstacle to operational sustainability. This study proposes an Adaptive Sleep Scheduling Architecture Based on Energy Harvesting for an IoT Water Flow Sensor System. The system uses UNO R4 ESP-32 Wifi and ESP-32 S3 W-ROOM microcontrollers, integrating a solar energy harvesting unit with an adaptive sleep scheduling algorithm that dynamically adjusts sensor active/sleep cycles based on battery State of Charge (SoC) and harvested energy availability. The experimental method covers four stages: (1) hardware design and integration, (2) adaptive algorithm development, (3) off-grid field testing, and (4) comparative evaluation against fixed scheduling. Target outcomes include a minimum 30% battery lifetime improvement, maintained Packet Delivery Ratio under low-energy conditions, and autonomous continuous operation without dependence on grid electricity. This research contributes to water infrastructure resilience in remote areas and supports SDG 6 for sustainable clean water management. Keywords: IoT; Adaptive Sleep Scheduling; Energy Harvesting; Water Flow Sensor; Off-Grid Power Source